Hear My Cry:  Breaking the Code of Silence around Intimate Partner Violence among Black Women in and beyond Midlife

Ingrid Waldron; Eileigh Storey MacDougall; Lori E. Weeks

Auteurs-es

Ingrid Waldron McMaster University
Eileigh Storey MacDougall
Lori E. Weeks Dalhousie University

Mots-clés :

Femmes noires, violence entre partenaires intimes, quarantaine, Nouvelle-Écosse, justice transformatrice

Résumé

Il y a un manque de connaissances au sujet de la façon dont les intersections du genre, de la race, de la culture, de l’âge, du revenu, de la classe sociale et d’autres identités façonnent les expériences de violence conjugale (VC) chez les femmes noires. Dans cette étude qualitative, nous avons utilisé une approche intersectionnelle pour examiner la façon dont la VC est vécue et gérée par les femmes racialisées, et en particulier, notre objectif était d’explorer les expériences de VC chez les femmes noires de la Nouvelle-Écosse, dans la quarantaine et au-delà, et sur leurs expériences de recherche de soutien. Le recrutement des participantes s’est avéré difficile, comme on s’y attendait, mais nous sommes parvenus à recueillir des données détaillées auprès d’une femme noire qui s’est identifiée comme étant dans la quarantaine ou au-delà et qui avait été victime de VC par le passé, ainsi qu’auprès de trois personnes qui ont apporté un soutien à titre rémunéré à des femmes noires. Nous avons utilisé une approche d’interprétation narrative pour cerner cinq thèmes dominants : descriptions des expériences de VC parmi les femmes noires; stratégies pour faire face à la VC; stratégies pour soutenir les femmes noires victimes de VC; obstacles à l’accès aux soutiens; et défis en matière de prestation des soutiens. Les connaissances acquises dans le cadre de cette recherche fournissent des indications importantes sur les expériences vécues, les obstacles rencontrés et la manière de relever ces défis pour les femmes noires autour de la quarantaine et au-delà qui sont victimes de VC.

Statistiques

Chargement des statistiques…

Bibliographies de l'auteur-e

Ingrid Waldron, McMaster University

Ingrid Waldron is Professor and HOPE Chair in Peace and Health in the Global Peace and Social Justice Program in the Department of History in the Faculty of Humanities at McMaster University. Her research explores the health and mental health impacts of inequality in Black, Indigenous, and other racialized communities. Her book, There's Something in the Water: Environmental Racism in Indigenous and Black Communities, was published in 2018 and was turned into a Netflix documentary in 2020 by actor Elliot Page. Her journal publications have explored Black women's experiences with mental illness and help-seeking, women's experiences managing low-income and poverty, and the traumatizing aftereffects of anti-Black police violence.

Eileigh Storey MacDougall

Eileigh Storey-MacDougall is a Social Worker in Halifax, Nova Scotia. After completing her Bachelor and Master of Social Work at Dalhousie University, she spent several years working with women and trans folks and their children who were experiencing homelessness. She has worked with older adults in both clinical and community settings, and acted as a board member for a registered charity dedicated to supporting older adults in the community. She has supported several research projects focused on the experiences of older adults. She continues to work as a Registered Social Worker (RSW) in Nova Scotia.

Lori E. Weeks, Dalhousie University

Lori E. Weeks a professor in the School of Nursing and holds a cross-appointment in Gender and Women’s Studies at Dalhousie University. Lori has expertise in aging and family studies and uses quantitative and qualitative methods to examine care and support services for older adults and their caregivers and factors affecting the health of seniors. Her research often focuses on the needs of vulnerable older adults both in the community and in long-term care homes. She has conducted research on the abuse of older adults with particular focuses on supports for older women experiencing intimate partner violence. Lori is a member of the Abuse and Neglect of Older Adults Research Team in the Maritimes, a research team affiliated with the Muriel McQueen Fergusson Centre for Family Violence Research at the University of New Brunswick

Références

African Nova Scotian Affairs. 2019. African Nova Scotian Community. https://ansa.novascotia.ca/community.

Alimahomed-Wilson, Jake, and Dana Williams. 2016. “State Violence, Social Control, and Resistance.” Journal of Social Justice 6: 1-15.

Al'uqdah, Shareefah, Casilda Maxwell, and Nicholle Hill. 2016. "Intimate Partner Violence in the African American Community: Risk, Theory, and Interventions." Journal of Family Violence 31, no. 7: 877-84. doi: 10.1007/s10896-016-9819-x.

Bent-Goodley, Tricia B. 2013. “Domestic Violence Fatality Reviews and the African American Community.” Homicide Studies 17, no 4: 375-390. doi: 10.1177/1088767913497949.

Bierra, Alisa, Onion Carrillo, Eboni Colbert, Xandra Ibarra, Theryn Kigvamasud’Vashti, and Shale Maulana. 2006. “Taking Risks: Implementing Grassroots Community Accountability Strategies." In Color of Violence: The Incite! Anthology, edited by The INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence, 250–266. Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press.

Bonomi, Amy E, Melissa L Anderson, Robert J Reid, David Carrell, Paul A Fishman, Frederick P Rivara, and Robert S Thompson. 2007. "Intimate Partner Violence in Older Women." The Gerontologist 47, no. 1: 34-41. doi:10.1093/geront/47.1.34.

Bourget, Dominique, Pierre Gagné, and Laurie Whitehurst. 2010. "Domestic Homicide and Homicide-Suicide: The Older Offender." The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 38, no. 3: 305-11.

Bukowski, Leigh, A., Melvin C. Hampton, Cesar G. Escobar-Viera, Jordan M. Sang, Christian J. Chandler, Emmett Henderson, Stephanie L. Creasy, and Ronald D. Stall 2019. “Intimate partner violence and depression among Black transgender women in the USA: The potential suppressive effect of perceived social support”. Journal of Urban Health 96, no. 5: 760-771. 10.1007/s11524-019-00355-3

Bundy, Jessica. 2019. "'We'll Deal with it Later': African Nova Scotian Women's Perceptions and Experiences of the Police." Canadian Journal of Sociology 44, no. 4: 319-41.

Etowa, Josephine B, Brenda L Beagan, Felicia Eghan, and Wanda Thomas Bernard. 2017. "You Feel You Have to Be Made of Steel": The Strong Black Woman, Health, and Well-being in Nova Scotia." Health Care for Women International 38, no. 4: 379-393. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2017.1290099.

Etowa, Josephine, Sheri Price, and Salma Debs-Ivall. 2011. "Strengthening the Ethno-Cultural Diversity of the Nursing Workforce in Canada." International Journal of Arts & Sciences 4, no. 26: 75-87.

Feagin, Joe R. 2000. Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations. (3rd Edition). New York: Routledge.

Gazso, Amber, Susan McDaniel, and Ingrid Waldron. 2016. "Networks of Social Support to Manage Poverty: More Changeable than Durable." Journal of Poverty 20, no. 4: 441-63. doi: 10.1080/10875549.2015.1112869.

Gazso, Amber, and Ingrid Waldron. 2009. "Fleshing Out the Racial Undertones of Poverty for Canadian Women and Their Families: Re-envisioning a Critical Integrative Approach." Atlantis 34, no. 1: 132-141.

Godoy-Ruiz, Paula, Brenda Toner, Robin Mason, Carolina Vidal, and Kwame McKenzie. 2015. "Intimate Partner Violence and Depression Among Latin American Women in Toronto." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 17, no. 6: 1771-1780. doi: 10.1007/s10903-014-0145-1.

Hicken, Margaret, Nicole Kravitz-Wirtz, Myles Durkee, and James Jackson. 2018. "Racial Inequalities in Health: Framing Future Research." Social Science & Medicine 199: 11. doi: doi.org /10.1016/.socscimed.2017.12.027.

Hightower, Jill, M.J. Smith, and Henry C. Hightower. (2006) "Hearing the Voices of Abused Older Women." Journal of Gerontological Social Work 46, no. 3-4: 205-227. doi:10.1300/J083v46n03_12.

hooks, bell. 1993. Sisters of the Yam: Black Women and Self-recovery. Boston, MA: South End Press.

Hopper, Elizabeth K., Ellen L. Bassuk, and Jeffrey Olivet. 2010. “Shelter from the Storm: Trauma-Informed Care in Homelessness Services Settings.” The Open Health Services and Policy Journal 3: 80-100.

Lacey, Krim K, Karen Powell Sears, Niki Matusko, and James S Jackson. 2015. "Severe Physical Violence and Black Women's Health and Well-being." American Journal of Public Health 105, no. 4: 719-724. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301886.

Long, LaDonna, and Sarah E Ullman. 2016. "Correlates of Problem Drinking and Drug Use in Black Sexual Assault Victims." Violence and Victims 31, no. 1: 71-84. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00024.

Martin, Agnes, Noreen Boadi, Caroline Fernandes, Sherry Watt, and Tracy Robinson-Wood, 2013. “Applying resistance theory to depression in Black women,” Journal of Systemic Therapies 32, no 1: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1521/jsyt.2013.32.1.1.

Mcgarry, Julie, Chris Simpson, and Kathryn Hinchliff-Smith. 2011. “The Impact of Domestic Abuse for Older Women: A Review of the Literature.” Health & Social Care in the Community 19, no 1: 3-14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2010.00964.x.

Menjivar, Cecilia. 2016. “A Framework for Examining violence.” In Gender Through the Prism of Difference, edited by Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, Michael A. Messner, and Amy M. Denissen, 130-145. New York: Oxford University Press.

Miles, Robert. 1989. Racism. New York: Routledge.

Montero, Isabel, David Martín-Baena, Vicenta Escribà-Agüir, Isabel Ruiz-Pérez, Carmen Yives-Cases, and Marta Talavera. 2013. “Intimate Partner Violence in Older Women in Spain: Prevalence, Health Consequences, and Service Utilization.” Journal of Women & Aging 25, no 4: 358-371. doi:10.1080/08952841.2013.83885.

Okeke-Ihejirika, Philomena, Bukola Salami, and Ahmad Karimi 2019. “African Immigrant Women’s Transition and Integration into Canadian Society: Expectations, Stressors, and Tensions.” Gender, Place & Culture 26, no 4: 581-601. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2018.1553852.

Pacquiao, Dula. 2007. "The Relationship Between Cultural Competence Education and Increasing Diversity in Nursing Schools and Practice Settings." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 18, no. 1: 28S-37S. doi :10.1177/1043659606295679.

Pathak, Neha, Rageshri Dhairyawan, and Shema Tariq. 2019. "The Experience of Intimate Partner Violence among Older Women: A Narrative Review." Maturitas 121: 63-75. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.12.011.

Pellow, David N. 2016. “Toward a Critical Environmental Justice Studies: Black Lives Matter as an Environmental Justice Challenge.” Du Bois Review 13, no 2: 1-16.

Polkinghorne, Donald E. 1988. Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Polkinghorne, Donald E. 1995. “Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 8, no 1: 5-23. doi: 10.1080/0951839950080103

Rezazadeh, Maryam S., and Michael L. Hoover. 2018. "Women’s Experiences of Immigration to Canada: A Review of the Literature." Canadian Psychology 59, no. 1: 76-88. doi:10.1037/cap0000126.

Roberto, Karen A., Marya C. McPherson, and Nancy Brossoie. 2013. “Intimate Partner Violence in Late Life.” Violence Against Women 19, vol 12: 1538-1558. doi:10.1177/1077801213517564.

Sabri, Bushra, Jamila K. Stockman, Jacquelyn C. Campbell, Sharon O'Brien, Doris Campbell, Gloria B. Callwood, Desiree Bertrand, Lorna W. Sutton, and Greta Hart-Hyndman. 2014. "Factors Associated with Increased Risk for Lethal Violence in Intimate Partner Relationships among Ethnically Diverse Black Women." Violence and Victims 29, no. 5: 719-41. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00018.

Sabri, Bushra, Julia Huerta, Kamila A. Alexander, Noelle M. St. Vil, Jacquelyn C. Campbell Gloria B. Callwood. 2015. "Multiple Intimate Partner Violence Experiences: Knowledge, Access, Utilization and Barriers to Utilization of Resources by Women of the African Diaspora.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 26, no 4: 1286–1303. doi:10.1353/hpu.2015.0135.

Sabri, Bushra, Charvonne N Holliday, Kamila A Alexander, Julia Huerta, Andrea Cimino, Gloria B Callwood, and Jacquelyn C Campbell. 2016. "Cumulative Violence Exposures: Black Women's Responses and Sources of Strength." Social Work in Public Health 31, no. 3: 127-139. doi: 10.1080/19371918.2015.1087917.

Schreiber, Rita, Phyllis Noerager Stern, and Charmaine Wilson. 2000. "Being Strong: How Black West‐Indian Canadian Women Manage Depression and Its Stigma." Journal of Nursing Scholarship 32, no. 1: 39-45. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2000.00039.x.

Sormanti, Mary, and Tazuko Shibusawa. 2008. "Intimate Partner Violence among Midlife and Older Women: A Descriptive Analysis of Women Seeking Medical Services." Health & Social Work 33, no. 1: 33-41.

Statistics Canada. 2016. “Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables.” November 13, 2020. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/index-eng.cfm.

Stöckl, Heidi, and Bridget Penhale. 2015. "Intimate Partner Violence and Its Association with Physical and Mental Health Symptoms Among Older Women in Germany." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30, no. 17: 3089-111. doi:10.1177/0886260514554427.

St Vil, Noelle M, Bushra Sabri, Vania Nwokolo, Kamila A Alexander, and Jacquelyn C Campbell. 2017. "A Qualitative Study of Survival Strategies Used by Low-Income Black Women Who Experience Intimate Partner Violence." Social Work 62, no. 1: 63-71. doi: 10.1093/sw/sww080.

Tam, Dora, M. Y., Leslie M. Tutty, Ze Hong Zhuang, and Eva Paz. 2016. "Racial Minority Women and Criminal Justice Responses to Domestic Violence." Journal of Family Violence 31, no. 4: 527-38. 10.1007/s10896-015-9794-7.

Waldron, Ingrid R. G. 2019. “Archetypes of Black womanhood: Implications for Mental Health, Coping and Help-Seeking.” In Culture, Diversity & Mental Health: Enhancing Clinical Practice, edited by Masood Zangeneh and Alean Al-Krenawi, 21-38. New York: Springer Nature.

Waldron, Ingrid R. G. 2002. African Canadian Women Storming the Barricades!: Challenging Psychiatric Imperialism through Indigenous Conceptualizations of “Mental Illness” and Self Healing. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Toronto.

Waldron, Ingrid, and Amber Gazso. 2017. “Managing Low Income in Families: The Importance of Institutions and Interactions.” In Continuity and Innovation: Canadian Families in the New Millennium, edited by Amber Gazso & Karen Kobayashi, 80-96. Toronto: Nelson Education.

Weeks, Lori E, and Kristal Leblanc. 2011. “An Ecological Synthesis of Research on Older Women's Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence.” Journal of Women and Aging 23, vol 4: 283-304. doi:10.1080/08952841.2011.611043.

Weeks, Lori. E., Christie Stilwell, Danie Gagnon, Suzanne Dupuis-Blanchard, Colleen MacQuarrie, and Lois Jackson. 2021. “Initiatives to support older women who experience intimate partner violence.” Violence Against Women advance online publication. doi.org/10.1177/1077801220988355.

Wisconsin Department of Health Services. 2018. “Trauma-informed care principles,” Wisconsin Department of Health Services. https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/tic/principles.htm.

Entendez mes cris : briser le code du silence au sujet de la violence conjugale chez les femmes noires dans la quarantaine et au-delà

Auteurs-es

Mots-clés :