One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? : Relationship Recognition in Canadian Law Post-Same-Sex Marriage
Keywords:
Family, Queer Theory, Relationship RecognitionAbstract
Abstract
This paper argues that same-sex marriage has been legalized through a problematic process of drawing parallels between gay and straight couples, ultimately creating new tensions between the conjugal and non-conjugal. As a result, the Canadian state’s continued reliance on conjugality as the primary non-blood relationship has implications for how we understand family. Using a sexual citizenship framework, this paper aims to conceptualize a direction for the Canadian state with respect to relationship recognition and to establish a space for discussing alternative categories of adult personal relationships.
Résumé
Cet article fait valoir que le mariage entre personnes de même sexe a été légalisé par le biais d’un processus problématique qui consiste à établir des parallèles entre les couples homosexuels et hétérosexuels, ce qui finit par causer de nouvelles tensions entre le conjugal et le non-conjugal. Par conséquent, le fait que l’État canadien continue de considérer la conjugalité comme principale relation sans lien de sang a des répercussions sur notre compréhension du concept de la famille. Cet article utilise un cadre de citoyenneté sexuelle pour conceptualiser une orientation pour l’État canadien en ce qui a trait à la reconnaissance des relations et pour créer un contexte de discussion d’autres catégories de relations personnelles entre adultes.
Metrics
References
Bala, Nicholas. 2003. “Controversy Over Couples in Canada: The Evolution of Marriage and Other Adult Interdependent Relationships.” Queen’s Law Journal 29 : 41–102.
Bell, David, and Jon Binnie. 2000. The Sexual Citizen: Queer Politics and Beyond. London: Polity Press.
Boyd, Susan, and Claire Young. 2003. “From Same-Sex to No Sex?: Trends Towards Recognition of (Same-Sex) Relationships in Canada.” Seattle Journal of Social Justice 1, no. 3 : 757–93.
Cooper, Davina. 2001. “Like Counting Stars?: Re-structuring Equality and the Socio-Legal Space of Same-Sex Marriage.” In Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European and International Law, edited by Robert Wintemute and Mads Andenaes, 75–96. Portland: Hart Publishing.
Cossman, Brenda. 1994. “Family Inside/Out.” University of Toronto Law Review 44, no. 1 : 1-39.
_______. 2000. “Canadian Same-Sex Relationship Recognition Struggles and the Contradictory Nature of Legal Victories.” Cleveland State Law Review 48 : 49-69.
_______. 2002. “Sexing Citizenship, Privatizing Sex.” Citizenship Studies 6, no. 4 : 483–506.
_______. 2007. Sexual Citizens: The Legal and Cultural Regulation of Sex and Belonging. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Cossman, Brenda, and Bruce Ryder. 2001. “What Is Marriage-Like Like? The Irrelevance of Conjugality.” Canadian Journal of Family Law 18 : 269–326.
Duggan, Lisa. 2002. “The New Homonormativity: The Sexual Politics of Neoliberalism.” In Materializing Democracy: Towards a Revitalized Cultural Politics, edited by Russ Castronovo and Dana Nelson, 175-94. Durham: Duke University Press.
Eng, David. 2010. The Feeling of Kinship: Queer Liberalism and the Racialization of Intimacy. Durham: Duke University Press.
Fineman, Martha. 2006. “The Meaning of Marriage.” In Marriage Proposals: Questioning a Legal Status, edited by Anita Bernstein, 29–69. New York: New York University Press.
Gavigan, Shelley. 1993. “Paradise Lost, Paradox Revisited: The Implications of Familial Ideology for Feminist, Lesbian and Gay Engagement to Law.” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 31, no. 3 : 589–624.
Glennon, Lisa. 2005. “Displacing the ‘Conjugal Family’ in Legal Policy - A Progressive Move?” Child and Family Law Quarterly 17 : 141–63.
Halley, Janet. 2001. “Recognition, Rights, Regulation, Normalization: Rhetorics of Justification in the Same-Sex Marriage Debate.” In Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European and International Law, edited by Robert Wintemute and Mads Andenaes, 97–111. Portland: Hart Publishing.
Harder, Lois. 2009. “The State and the Friendships of the Nation: The Case of Nonconjugal Relationships in the United States and Canada.” Signs 34, no. 3 : 633–58.
Herman, Didi. 1989. “Are We Family? Lesbian Rights and Women’s Liberation.” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 28, no. 4 : 789–816.
_______. 1994. Rights of Passage: Struggles for Lesbian and Gay Legal Equality. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Hiebert, Janet. 1993. “Rights and Public Debate: The Limitations of a ‘Rights Must Be Paramount’ Perspective.” International Journal of Canadian Studies 7-8 : 117–35.
_______. 2002. Charter Conflicts: What Is Parliament’s Role? Montreal: McGill - Queen’s University Press.
Hutchinson, D. L. 1997. “Out Yet Unseen: A Racial Critique of Gay and Lesbian Legal Theory and Political Discourse.” Connecticut Law Review 29 : 561-645.
Interviews with former members of the Law Commission of Canada. 2010. Ottawa.
Kelly, Fiona. 2011. Transforming Law's Family: The Legal Recognition of Planned Lesbian Motherhood. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Lahey, Kathleen. 1999. Are We Persons Yet? Law and Sexuality in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Lahey, Kathleen, and Kevin Alderson. 2004. Same-Sex Marriage: The Personal and the Political. Toronto: Insomniac Press.
Law Commission of Canada. 2001. Beyond Conjugality: Recognizing and Supporting Close Personal Adult Relationships. Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada.
Lee, Man Yee Karen. 2010. Equality, Dignity, and Same-Sex Marriage. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Lenon, Suzanne. 2008. "What's So Civil About Marriage?: The Racial Pedagogy of Same-Sex Marriage in Canada." Darkmatter 3 : 26-36.
_______. 2001. “‘Why is our Love an Issue?’: Same-Sex Marriage and the Racial Politics of the Ordinary.” Social Identities 17, no. 3 : 351-72.
Lyndon-Shanley, Mary. 2004. Just Marriage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Majury, Diana. 1994. “Refashioning the Unfashionable: Claiming Lesbian Identities in the Legal Context.” Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 7 : 286-317.
Matthews, J. Scott. 2005. “The Political Foundations of Support for Same-Sex Marriage in Canada.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 38, no. 4 : 841–66.
Metz, Tamara. 2010. Untying the Knot: Marriage, the State and the Case for Their Divorce. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Phelan, Shane. 2001. Sexual Strangers: Gays, Lesbians, and Dilemmas of Citizenship. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Polikoff, Nancy. 2008. Beyond (Straight and Gay) Marriage: Valuing All Families Under the Law. Boston: Beacon Press.
Puar, Jasbir. 2001. “Transnational Configurations of Desire: the Nation and its White Closets.” In The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness, edited by B. B. Rasmussen, Irene Nexica, Eric Klinenberg, and Matthew Wray, 167-83. Durham: Duke University Press.
_______. 2007. Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Durham: Duke University Press.
Roseneil, Sasha, and Shelley Budgeon. 2004. “Cultures of Intimacy and Care Beyond ‘the Family’: Personal Life and Social Changes in the Early 21st Century.” Current Sociology 52, no. 2 : 135-59.
Smart, Carol. 2000. “Stories of Family Life: Cohabitation, Marriage and Social Change.” Canadian Journal of Family Law 17 : 20–53.
Smart, Carol, and Bren Neale. 1999. Family Fragments? Malden: Polity Press.
Smith, Miriam. 1999. Lesbian and Gay Rights in Canada: Social Movements and Equality-Seeking, 1971-1995. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
_______. 2007a. “Framing Same-Sex Marriage in Canada and the United States: Goodridge, Halpern and the National Boundaries of Political Discourse.” Social & Legal Studies 16, no. 1 : 5–26.
_______. 2007b. “Queering Public Policy: A Canadian Perspective.” In Critical Policy Studies, edited by Miriam Smith and Michael Orsini, 91–110. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Stevens, Jacqueline. 1999. Reproducing the State. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Warner, Michael. 1999. The Trouble With Normal: Sex, Politics and the Ethics of Queer Life. New York: The Free Press.
Weeks, Jeffrey. 1998. “The Sexual Citizen.” Theory, Culture & Society 15, no. 3/4 : 35–52.
Weeks, Jeffrey, Catherine Donovan, and Brian Heaphy. 2004. Same-Sex Intimacies: Families of Choice and Other Life Experiments. London: Routledge.
Weston, Kath. 1991. Families We Choose: Lesbians, Gays, Kinship. New York: Columbia University Press.
Decisions Cited
Civil Marriage Act (2005) S.C.
Egan v. Canada (1995) 2 S.C.R. 513.
Halpern v Canada (2003) 225 D.L.R. (4th) 529 (Ont. C.A.).
M. v H. (1999) 2 S.C.R. 3.
Molodowich v Penttinen (1980) 17 R.F.L. (2d) 376.
Modernization of Benefits and Obligations Act (2000) S.C.
Mossop v. Canada (Attorney General) (1993) 1 S.C.R. 554.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors are aware that articles published in Atlantis are indexed and made available through various scholarly and professional search tools, including but not limited to Erudit.
3. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
4. Authors are permitted and encouraged to preprint their work, that is, post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process. This can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Read more on preprints here.